THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING IN PERSONALIZED HEALTHCARE: RECENT ADVANCES AND CLINICAL UTILITY

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) has emerged as a pivotal component of personalized healthcare, enabling the optimization of drug therapy through the measurement and interpretation of drug concentrations in biological fluids. With increasing recognition of interindividual variability in drug response due to genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, TDM plays a crucial role in achieving therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Recent advances in analytical technologies, including high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and biosensor-based platforms, have significantly enhanced the accuracy, sensitivity, and turnaround time of drug level estimation. Furthermore, integration with pharmacogenomics and model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) has transformed TDM into a dynamic and predictive tool for individualized therapy. Clinical applications of TDM are particularly prominent in the management of antimicrobial agents, antiepileptics, immunosuppressants, and anticancer drugs, where maintaining optimal drug concentrations is critical. Despite its advantages, challenges such as cost, limited accessibility, and variability in clinical implementation persist. The incorporation of digital health tools and artificial intelligence is expected to further expand the scope and efficiency of TDM. This review highlights recent advances, clinical utility, and future directions of TDM in the era of personalized medicine